Batuan Obsidian dari Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu

Batuan Obsidian boleh ditemui pada satu singkapan batuan di Tasik Kenyir pada laluan yang menghubungkan Aring ke K. Berang. Turutan batuan ini dianggarkan berusia Permian. Batuan Obsidian adalah batuan igneous ektrusif yang terbentuk apabila lava panas yang keluar dari lohong gunung berapi menyejuk dengan pantas di atas permukaan bumi terutama apabila bersentuhan dengan air.

Obsidian sebenarnya adalah merupakan kaca dan bukanlah campuran mineral-mineral serta tidak mempunyai pertumbuhan mineral. Tepian batuannya adalah sangat tajam, berkaca, mempamerkan tektur konkoidal dan keras. Besi dan magnesium memberikan Obsidian berwarna hijau gelap ataupun berwarna hitam. Pada singkapan batuan di Tasik Kenyir, warnanya adalah hijau cerah menandakan kandungan magnesium yang rendah.

Obsidian boleh mengandungi gelembung-gelembung udara yang terperangkap hasil pendidihan akibat bersentuhan dengan air. Udara yang terperangkap adalah udara purba yang terdapat hanya pada ketika ia disejukkan.

Kewujudan banyak volkanik seperti batuan tuf dan batuan andesit dalam Formasi Aring boleh dikaitkan dengan kewujudan batuan obsidian ini. Mungkin boleh dijumpai kawah gunung berapi kuno disekitar kawasan ini terutama dari kajian foto udara.

Mangenese Ore from Aring, Kelantan

Aring Manganese Ore Mine, Gua Musang, Kelantan

Manganese is Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the Atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. While manganese metal does not form a permanent magnet, it does exhibit strong magnetic properties in the presence of an external magnetic field.

The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. Mn²⁺ often competes with Mg²⁺ in biological systems, and manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7 are powerful oxidizing agents.

Manganese ions have various colors, depending on their oxidation state, and are used industrially as pigments. The permanganates of sodium, potassium and barium are powerful oxidisers. Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in standard and alkaline disposable dry cells and batteries.

Manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a number of enzymes in higher organisms, where they are essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals. The element is a required trace mineral for all known living organisms. In larger amounts, and apparently with far greater activity by inhalation, manganese can cause a poisoning syndrome in mammals, with neurological damage which is sometimes irreversible.

Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking. The manganese in this unusual organometallic compound is in the +1 oxidation state.

The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, which has a pink to red color, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as manganese(II) sulfate(MnSO₄) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl₂). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral rhodochrosite, (manganese(II) carbonate. The +2 oxidation state is the state used in living organisms for essential functions; all of the other states are much more toxic.

The +3 oxidation state is known, in compounds such as manganese(III) acetate, but these are quite powerful oxidizing agents.

Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO₂) is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols (i.e. adjacent to an aromatic ring). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidatively neutralize the greenish tinge in glass caused by trace amounts of iron contamination. MnO₂ is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. In some preparations it is a brown pigment that can be used to make paint and is a constituent of natural umber.

Manganese phosphating is used as a treatment for rust and corrosion prevention on steel.

Permanganate (+7 oxidation state) manganese compounds are purple, and can color glass an amethyst color. Potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate and barium permanganate are all potent oxidizers. Potassium permanganate, also called Condy's crystals, is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties and finds use as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy. Source-Wikipedia

Kink Bands in Schist Rocks, Lojing ( Part 2)

Kink Bands in Schist Rocks, Lojing ( Part 1)

Kink bands in the highly foliated amphibole schist. Structures like this indicate that these rocks experience more than two episodes of deformation. Note squashed clasts of Quartz (light color) present along the foliation plane.

Geological structures in Schist, Lojing

Joints displaced boudinage of Quartz in amphibole schist

Parallel foliated schist

Boudinage of Quartz in amphibole Schist.

Amphibole Schist from Lojing, Kelantan

Km 54, G. Musang- Lojing Road

-Panoramic of amphibole schist rock (metamorphosed basic igneous rock) from C. Higlands-G.Musang Road-

Melange of Bentong-Raub Suture Zone

Melange outcrop from Tmn Indrapura, Bentong, Pahang

Melange outcrop from Lojing, Gua Musang, Kelantan

Melange outcrops can be seen in exposed suture zone rocks such as in Bentong and Gua Musang. Bentong-Raub Suture Zone rocks include oceanic ribbon-bedded cherts, argilllites, turbitditic rhythmites, serpentinites and continental margin/shelf deposits (olistostrom). This suture represents the main Paleo-Tethys Ocean which was destroyed by collision of the Sibumasu and Indochina terranes of SE Asia.

Melange has a sheared mud/silt matrix containing a variety of clasts such as ribbon-bedded chert, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, blocks of turbiditic rhythmites, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. The clasts range a few mm to several metres and exceptionally up to several hundred metres or more.

Clasts of chert have yielded Upper Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian radiolarian, while clasts of limestone have yielded Lower Permian conodonts and fusulinids. At Krau Satu Road, Raub, limestone clasts yielded Lower Permian (middle Artinskian and early Cathedralian) microfossils.

Ribbon-bedded Cherts, Pos Belau, Kelantan

Km 32, G. Musang- Lojing Road

This rock is a part of Suture zone rocks which is includes accretionary complex rocks, argillites, turbiditic rhythmites, melange, serpentinites and continental margin/shelf deposits.

Mata air panas di Lojing, Gua Musang

Terdapat sekurang-kurangnya 4 mata air panas atau "hotspring" di kawasan Granit Banjaran Besar, Tanah Tinggi Lojing di bahagian barat daya Kelantan. Namun mata air panas berhampiran Sg. Mering paling menarik kerana aliran puncanya membentuk air terjun berketinggian kira-kira 5 m. Ia mempunyai 20 punca air dengan rekahan 220 darjah bersuhu 55-57 selsius. Kadar aliran adalah 0.285-2.816 meter padu per jam. Nilai konduktiviti adalah 380 umhos/cm pada suhu 25 selsius dengan kandungan pepejal terlajutnya 190-260 mg/l dari punca persekitaran igneous kaya bersilika.